Binary Calculator Perform binary arithmetic and bitwise operations (AND, OR, XOR, NOT).

Binary (base-2) uses only digits 0 and 1. Binary addition follows: 0+0=0, 0+1=1, 1+0=1, 1+1=10 (carry 1). Subtraction uses borrow mechanics similar to decimal subtraction. Multiplication uses shift-and-add, like long multiplication in decimal. Bitwise operations work on individual bits: AND (both 1 → 1, else 0), OR (either 1 → 1), XOR (exactly one 1 → 1), NOT (inverts all bits). These operations are fundamental to how CPUs process data — addition circuits use full adders, and bitwise operations are single-clock-cycle instructions. The calculator parses binary strings, performs operations using JavaScript's integer operators, and formats results across bases using toString(base). Note that JavaScript uses 32-bit signed integers for bitwise operations, so NOT uses a bitmask based on the input length rather than a fixed 32-bit width.