Calculate Subnets, CIDR Blocks & IP Ranges Subnet Calculator tool for network operations.

The tool works by first parsing the input IP address into a 32-bit unsigned integer using the `parseIp` function, which splits the dotted-decimal notation into four parts, checks each part to ensure it's a valid octet between 0 and 255, and then combines them into a single number. This integer is then used in calculations along with the subnet mask, which is also parsed from its dotted-decimal notation into an integer using the same `parseIp` function. The `maskToPrefix` function calculates the CIDR prefix by counting the number of leading one bits in the binary representation of the subnet mask.

The core calculation happens in the `handleCalculate` function, where it computes the network address by performing a bitwise AND operation between the IP address and the subnet mask, and the broadcast address by performing a bitwise OR operation between the network address and the wildcard mask (which is the bitwise NOT of the subnet mask). It also calculates the total number of hosts and usable hosts based on the subnet mask. The results are then formatted back into dotted-decimal notation using the `numToIp` function and displayed to the user.

The tool uses React hooks, specifically `useState` and `useCallback`, to manage its state and handle events. It also utilizes modern browser APIs for tasks such as copying text to the clipboard with the `copyToClipboard` function from the `@/lib/utils` module. The interface is built using React components like `InputWithHelp` and `SelectWithHelp` from `@/components/shared`, which provide input fields and dropdown menus for user input. The tool's mobile-first responsive design ensures it works well on various devices, making it accessible for network engineers and developers to plan and configure IP networks efficiently.