Calculate IP Address Ranges Instantly IP Range Calculator tool for network operations.

The tool works by first parsing the input IP addresses into decimal format using a function that splits the IP address into four parts, checks if each part is a valid octet, and then converts it to an integer. This process uses bitwise operations to ensure accurate conversion. The `parseIp` function throws an error if the input IP address is invalid, which is then caught and displayed to the user. Once the start and end IP addresses are parsed, the tool calculates the total number of addresses in the range by subtracting the start decimal value from the end decimal value and adding one.

The `rangeToCidrs` function uses a while loop to iterate over the IP address range, calculating the maximum number of bits that can be used to represent each subnet. This is done by checking if the current subnet mask can accommodate the entire range without exceeding the end IP address. If it can, the tool adds the corresponding CIDR notation to the result list and moves on to the next subnet. The `numToIp` function is used to convert decimal IP addresses back to dotted notation for display purposes. The tool uses React hooks, specifically `useState` and `useCallback`, to manage state and handle user input. It also utilizes the `copyToClipboard` function from a utility library to enable copying results to the clipboard.

The tool's algorithm follows standard subnetting rules as defined in relevant RFCs, ensuring accurate calculations for IP address ranges. The use of modern JavaScript features like ES6+ syntax and React hooks enables efficient and concise code. By running entirely in the browser, the tool ensures fast and secure calculations without sending any data to servers. The input fields are implemented using the `InputWithHelp` component, which provides helpful hints and validation for user input. The results are displayed in a responsive layout that adapts to different screen sizes, making it accessible on various devices.